Plastic Waste in Australia
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in name only.
This came after China’s
2018 ban on the importation of plastic waste.
78
The
impact of these more-recent domestic policies is not yet evident in the data.
So why has plastic recovery not kept pace with consumption and waste? To put it simply,
plastic recovery is difficult and costly. It is unlikely to ever match current levels of plastic
waste.
ENERGY RECOVERY
About 10% of plastic recovery in Australia can be attributed to plastic waste that is
converted to energy.
79
This is mostly in the form of
‘processed engineered fuel’,
which is
commonly used for combustion in cement kilns.
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This has been called a “practic
al and
sustainable alternative to the use of fossil fuels”.
81
But while energy recovery from plastic
has been branded a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels by industry, environmental
organisations have generally disagreed. The
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
, for example,
contends
that “while some one
-time extra value is gained from the product in the form of
energy, the materials are then lost from the economy, which means new virgin materials are
needed to produce the next generation of products”.
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To put it simply, plastic is made from
oil and gas, so burning it simply replaces one fossil fuel product with another
–
albeit one
that goes via another route first as plastics. This means that waste-to-energy does not move
us away from what is ultimately a fossil fuel economy.
Furthermore, research suggests that waste-to-energy
is not simply a ‘neutral’ replacement
to conventional fossil-fuel based power systems, but one that is actually more polluting.
Researchers
found that “the CO2 emissions generated from
plastic waste-to-energy systems
are higher than those from current fossil fuel-based power systems per unit of power
generated”.
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The environmental costs associated with incineration do not stop at
greenhouse gas emissions. Plastic waste incinerators have been found to release toxic air
pollution associated with a high risk of cancer.
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Incineration is an environmentally costly
78
Wen et al (2021)
‘China’s plastic import ban increases prospects of environmental impact mitigation of
plastic waste trade flow worldwide
’
,
Nature Communications,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20741-9
79
Out of 371,300 tonnes of recovered plastic, 37,300 tonnes were sent to energy recovery. That gives a rate of
10% of all plastics recovered. DCCEEW (2022)
Australian Plastics Flows and Fates Study 2020-21,
p 1
80
Blue Environment (2022)
National waste report 2022
, pp 56
–
57
81
Australasian Waste and Recycling Expo (2018)
Processed engineered fuel,
https://awre.com.au/recycling/processed-engineered-fuel
82
Ellen Macarthur Foundation (n.d.)
Plastics and the circular economy,
https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/plastics-and-the-circular-economy-deep-dive
83
Kwon et al (202
3) ‘Nonviable carbon neutrality with plastic waste
-to-
energy’,
Energy and Environmental
Science
, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/ee/d3ee00969f/unauth
84
Lerner (2023)
‘This ‘climate
-
friendly’ fuel comes with an astronomical cancer risk’,
The Guardian,
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/23/climate-friendly-us-program-plastics-fuel-cancer