Plastic Waste in Australia
1
Summary
Since the year 2000, the total amount of plastic consumed in Australia has more than
doubled. It is estimated that by 2049
–
50, plastic consumption will have increased by a
further two-and-a-half times. On a per capita basis, consumption has increased 60%
—
from
an estimated 92 kg per person in 2000, to 148 kg per person in 2020
–
21. This significant
increase in consumption is driving a plastic waste crisis that recycling and recovery attempts
have not been able to alleviate. If Australia is to reduce plastic waste, production and
consumption will need to decline.
The ‘circular economy’ ha
s come to be seen by many as a silver bullet that will eliminate
waste and pollution by keeping materials circulating at a high value at every point of the
production, consumption and waste cycle. Reuse and recycling are widely touted as the
‘circular’ sol
ution to plastics waste. But this ignores the reality that recycling plastic is
inefficient, expensive and hazardous, and that there is little demand for recycled plastics.
The oil industry plans to invest $400 billion in new petrochemical plants in the expectation
that demand for plastics will increase, and a 2021 report found that none of the 100 largest
plastic producers procure more than two percent of their feedstock from recyclable sources.
Given this, it is hard to see the idea that Australia will recycle our way out of the plastics
waste crisis as anything more than greenwashing.
In recent years the Australian Government has released several plans aimed at reducing the
amount of plastic waste. These plans include the
2018 National Waste Policy
, the
2019
National Waste Policy Action Plan,
the
Australian Packaging
Covenant, and a goal to recycle
or reuse 100% of plastic waste and end plastic pollution by 2040. What is common to all of
these policies is that they focus on recovery, particularly recycling, and not on reducing the
production and consumption of plastics in the first place.
The inexorable increase in the growth in plastics waste shows that existing policies are not
working. Existing approaches to dealing with plastic waste
–
including energy recovery
(using it for fuel), composting, and recycling
–
are not making a significant contribution to
reducing the amount of plastic waste that is created. Only about 15% of all plastic waste
generated over the last 20 years has been recovered through recycling, composting or
energy recovery.
1
These forms of plastic waste recovery have not kept pace with
consumption and waste because they are difficult and costly, and unlikely to ever match
current levels of plastic waste.
If Australia is to turn the tide on plastics waste, more effective policies that reduce
production and consumption are needed. Policies in other countries show what Australia
1
Recovered plastic as a portion of all plastic waste generated for years 2000 to 2020
–
21.