Plastic Waste in Australia
5
contaminants”, due to the fact that they are commonly found
along with heavy metals,
pesticides and other organic pollutants,
24
as well as a range of other chemicals that are
designed to give them colour, flexibility, stability and resistance to UV light.
25
Many of these
additives and contaminants are carcinogenic or neurotoxic, or associated with diseases like
obesity and diabetes.
26
An estimated 400,000 to 1 million people die each year from
diseases related to mismanaged waste including plastic, primarily in the global South.
27
Conservative estimates show that
humans ingest between 0.1 grams and 5 grams
–
which is
equivalent to an entire credit card’s wroth –
of microplastics every week.
28
Plastic has now
even been found in the placentas of newborn babies, as well as in human blood and tissues;
a fact that has led to many calling this era of human history ‘The Plasticene’.
29
Plastics have “cradl
e-to-
grave” impacts on our environment.
30
Because plastics are almost
exclusively made from fossil fuels like gas and oil, the manufacture of plastics contributes to
climate change.
31
Approximately 90% of the emissions related to plastics can be attributed
to its conversion from fossil fuels.
32
In total, about 6% of global oil use
–
equal to that of the
global aviation sector
–
is consumed by the manufacture of plastics.
33
This figure is
projected to rise to 20% of total annual oil consumption by 2050.
34
This fact has led some to
24
Senathirajah et al
(2021) ‘Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested –
A pivotal first step towards
human health risk assessment’,
Journal of Hazardous Material
, p
2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124004
25
Landrigan et al (2023)
‘
The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health
’”,
p 3, Annals
of
Global Health
26
Senathirajah et al
(2021) ‘Estimation of the mass of microplastics ingested –
A pivotal first step towards
human health risk assessment’
27
Williams, Gower and Green (2019)
No time to waste
: Tackling the plastic pollution crisis before it’s too late
, p
5, https://learn.tearfund.org/-/media/learn/resources/reports/2019-tearfund-consortium-no-time-to-waste-
en
28
Ibid.
29
Campanale et al (2020)
‘
A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of
concern on human health
’
,
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
, p 1212,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7068600/; Ragusa et al (2021)
‘
Plasticenta: First evidence of
microplastics in human placenta
’
,
Environment International Journal
,
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33395930/
30
Bauman (2019)
‘
How plastics contribute to climate change
’
,
Yale Climate Connections
,
https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/08/how-plastics-contribute-to-climate-change/
31
International Energy Agency (2018)
The future of petrochemicals: Towards more sustainable plastics and
fertilisers,
p 2, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86080042-1c55-4c37-9c20-d3390aa5e182/English-
Future-Petrochemicals-ES.pdf
32
OECD (n.d.)
Plastic leakage and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing
,
https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastics/increased-plastic-leakage-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions.htm
33
Ellen Macarthur Foundation and McKinsey & Company (2016)
The New Plastics Economy
–
Rethinking the
Future of Plastics
, p. 17, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-
the-future-of-plastics
34
Ibid, p .13.